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Chapter 31 Vocab

Capital- the area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status, usually but not always the seat of the government.

Capitalism- An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market.

Communism- Philosophy and movement that began in the middle of the nineteenth century by the work of Karl Marx; has many of the same general goals as socialism.

Conservative- tending or disposed to maintain existing views, conditions, or institutions.

Enclosure- process by which common land is taken into fully private ownership and use.

Entrepreneur- a person who organizes and manages any enterprise, esp. a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk.

Exploitation- Utilization of another person or group for selfish purposes.

Industrialization- the means of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one; it is part of a wider modernization process.

Monopoly- In economics when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms on which other individuals shall have access to it.

Obsolete- no longer in general use; fallen into disuse.

Oligopoly- the market condition that exists when there are few sellers, as a result of which they can greatly influence price and other market factors.

Oppression- the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner.

Proletariat- the class of wage earners, esp. those who earn their living by manual labor or who are dependent for support on daily or casual employment; the working class.

Radical- thoroughgoing or extreme, esp. as regards change from accepted or traditional forms

Chapter 23

Nik Jameson AP World History 1-14-09

1. There are a number of reasons why Vasco De Gama’s journey marked the beginning of a new era in the history of the world. De Gama’s journey opened the door to maritime trade between European and Asian peoples. The expedition also helped to establish permanent links between different regions of the world. Vasco De Gama’s journey marked the beginning of a much greater amount of cross-cultural interactions and also began the expansion of European influence in the establishment of global networks of transportation, communication, and exchange. 2. Between 1400 and 1800 the Europeans launched a remarkable series of exploratory voyages. During the 15th century the Europeans had a number of different motives for trade and exploration. The most important of these reasons was the search for basic resources and lands suitable for the cultivation of cash crops. Other important motives were the desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets, and the aspiration to expand the influence of the Christian religion. 3. The Europeans encountered many natural and technical obstacles during their explorations. The explorers had to battle the winds and currents, along with knowing where they were. They also had to battle the elements. The explorers obviously faced many rough conditions during their journeys. To overcome these obstacles the explorers used many new inventions that greatly helped them to succeed. To overcome the rough conditions the explorers constructed stronger ships that could brave most adverse conditions. They increased their ships maneuverability and outfitted their vessels with two types of sails. The explorers also had many different navigational tools on board their vessels. They had most importantly the compass, but also astrolabes (soon to be replaced with cross staffs and back staffs). The astrolabe was used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the polar star. Because of all of their technological hardware the explorers were able to sail a lot during the 15th century. Due to this they gained a practical knowledge of the winds and currents. 4. SKIP 5. 6.  7.  The term “Columbian Exchange” means the global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after the journeys of the Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus, and some other European mariners. Many important items/things shifted back and forth between the “New World and the “Old World” during this time. Diseases such as smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza took heavy tolls. Though population was decreased due to these diseases the Columbian Exchange actually increased population. This is because of the global spread of food crops and animals such as wheat, vines, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. All in all the Columbian Exchange of plants and animals fueled a surge in the world’s population.

Machiavelli Questions

Nik Jameson AP World History 2-3-08

__Machiavelli Questions__


 * 1) Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the Prince because he lost his governmental position in Florence, and wanted desperately to return to politics. The book the Prince contained what Machiavelli thought were the Medici's goals, and he dedicated the book to them, to try and gain the favor of the Medici's (but in the end he didn't get his spot because the Medici's disagreed with what the book had to say). Machiavelli compares his work //The Prince// to the works of Plato and Aristotle.
 * 2) Niccolo Machiavelli wrote that a man that is good will eventually come to ruin amongst men who are not good. Machiavelli believes this because he believes that men are not good, so the few who actually are good will, in the end, come to ruin due to the fact that they are outnumbered by bad men.
 * 3) I believe that the answer to the question, “Whether it is better to be loved than feared, or feared then loved?” all depends on who is answering the question. For me, I would rather be loved than feared. I have no reason to want to be feared, and being loved is a better way to live. But if a ruler or leader is answering the question the answer would be that they would rather be feared than loved. This is because a feared ruler, is a strong and powerful leader, and every leader wants to be powerful.
 * 4) Niccolo answers the question, “Whether it is better to be loved than feared or feared than loved in his book //The Prince//. His answer is that it is best to be both loved and feared, but since the two rarely come together, it is in the end better to be feared. Machiavelli answers the question this way because he says that there is greater security in being feared, and that a Prince or a ruler is more powerful when he is feared rather than when he is loved.

Machiavelli Letter

Nik Jameson AP World History 2-3-09

Machiavelli Letter

Dear Governor Ed Rendell,

I believe that I have a way to help you to gain favor and power. I know that you aspire to become the president and using the philosophy that I am going to tell you about will help you accomplish your goals and attain complete and utter power. Following these ideas will also help you to maintain your power, once you have received it. Mr. Rendell, the philosophy that I am speaking of is Machiavellian philosophy, logic, and techniques. Niccolo Machiavelli was a Renaissance political philosopher. He briefly worked in the Florentine Government, but lost his office due to his involvement in a anti-Medici government conspiracy (he was arrested and eventually released). After losing his office he became a political philosopher, playwright, and poet. He wrote many famous pieces of literature, the most famous being //The Prince//. //The Prince//, which was printed after his death, is a piece of realist political theory. It contains a great deal of logic, that has become known as Machiavellian logic. I believe that using this Machiavellian logic will help you in your rise to the Presidency. Machiavellian philosophy has a great number of ideas. The main idea in Machiavellian logic is the question whether it is better to be feared than loved, or loved than feared. Machiavelli's answer to this question is that it is best to be both loved and feared, but since that is hard to accomplish, it is best to be feared. Machiavelli also says in //The Prince// that a leader should not be too generous, because being to generous will lead to a loss of appreciation for you and greed of others. One of Machiavelli's strongest ideas is of the reputation a leader should have. A leader should be perceived as merciful, religious, humane, etc. but he should really only seem to have these qualities (it is impossible to actually have them all). For example Niccolo says that a leader will be praised for the illusion of keeping his word, but he should only keep his word when it suits his purpose (don't break your word unnecessarily though). Niccolo states that a strong leader must have strong laws, a strong military force, and that they will gain honor by completing great tasks and feats. There are many ways that you could implement this logic of Niccolo Machiavelli into your life. Try and build the illusion that you are really a humane, religious, caring, and powerful leader. Don't overly lie, but if you need to do what you have to do even if it does go against what you have said (whatever suits you). Also give yourself a strong, powerful, and slightly fearful image. Being a little feared by your people will only make them respect you and honor you more. And lastly, once you have become president, make sure that you implement powerful laws and a strong military. All in all, I strongly believe that if you follow the “rules” of Machiavellian logic (which in the end means to not follow the rules) you will reach your goal of becoming the President of the United States. Not only that though, if you follow my advice, you will be a strong president for __eight__ years and will be remembered as the best president to ever rule this nation of ours.